Study on traditional effect of Panax notoginseng based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To explore the network regulation mechanism of blood-activating and hemostatic and detumescent and analgesic traditional effects of Panax notoginseng. Methods: Targets of the 12 components of P. notoginseng absorbed in plasma were predicted according to the reverse pharmacophore method. Gene ontology (GO) function enrichment and pathway analysis of the targets were analyzed by Omicsbean online analysis software and String 10 database. Finally, Cytoscape software was used to construct the network pharmacology map. Results: A total of 12 compounds (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Rk1, dencichine and quercetin) affected 65 pathways through 65 related targets, which were associated with anti-thrombosis, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, vasodilation, blood coagulation, anti-inflammation and analgesia. The network of "compound-target-pathway-pharmacological action-efficacy" was also constructed. Conclusion: P. notoginseng interferes with multiple biological processes related to activating blood circulation, hemostasis, detumescence and analgesia by acting on several key proteins such as F2, F10, PLAT, VEGFA, NOS2, IL6, PTGES, OPRD1, etc.

Fingerprinting analysis of non-saponins from water-soluble part and determination of dencichine from Panax notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium based on liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection / 中国中药杂志

This work describes the holistic fingerprinting method based on liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection(CAD) to profile non-saponin from water-soluble parts and determination of dencichine in Panax ginseng(PG), P. quinquefolium(PQ) and P. notoginseng(PNG). Sample extraction was carried out by water with ultra sonication for 30 min, which was eluted by Retain PEP for further analysis. The analysis was performed on a Hypercarb of porous graphitized carbon(3.0 mm×150 mm, 3 μm) column with acetonitrile and 0.1% perfluoropentanoic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1). Temperature of evaporator and nitrogen pressure for CAD were set at 50 ℃and 60.1 psi(1 psi≈6.895 kPa), respectively. As a result, dencichine and other polar components had a good performance on resolution and retention. The correlation coefficient(R~2) of dencichine was 0.998 2 in the concentration from 0.019 2 to 0.48 μg·mL~(-1). Limit of quantitation calculated by signal to noise of 10 was 7.4 ng·mL~(-1), and the recovery ranged from 95.52% to 102.7%. Chemical profile of the water-soluble part from PG, PQ and PNG was similar holistically, while the relative content for dencichine and other partial components varied significantly. The proposed method was used for characteristic of chemical profiling for non-saponin from water-soluble part, and determination of dencichine in PG, PQ and PNG.

Effects of fresh-cut on drying rate and quality of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

To study the effects of fresh-cut drying methods on the appearance and internal components of Panax notoginseng, and explore the feasibility of fresh-cut drying methods of P. notoginseng, so as to provide more effective processing methods for the production of P. notoginseng slices and Chinese patent medicines. In this study, we have compared the effects of 6 different drying methods on drying time, drying rate, density, appearance and internal components of P. notoginseng roots. It takes about 453 h to dry by whole-root drying in the sun, with a long constant speed period and a slow drying rate, the time of whole-root drying at 50 ℃ was shortened by 61.6% compared with whole-root drying in the sun, which resulted in the decrease of density and poor appearance of the medicinal material with hollow and crack appeared in the xylem, while the drying time of fresh-cut drying method was reduced by 61.82% to 91.58% and the drying rate increased greatly, due to the relatively slow drying process in the sun or in the shade after fresh-cut, salting-out and whitening appeared on the surface, and the internal components were all decreased to some extent. The drying time of fresh-cut drying at 50 ℃ was 91.58% and 68.83% shorter than that of whole-root drying in the sun and at 50 ℃, respectively. When drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut, the appearance and content of internal components of the medicinal materials were better, the appearance was yellowish green, the cut sections were clear with uniform pore distribution, and the content of saponin components was increased by 7.24% compared with that of the whole-root drying at 50 ℃, When drying at 40 ℃, the surface of slices has salting-out and whitening spots, and the loss of dencichine and total sugar was large, but at 60 ℃, this high temperature made the rate of dehydration of slices was extremely fast, which led to severe cracking and fragmentation, and the loss of total sugar and alcohol extract was large. By vacuum freeze drying after fresh-cut, the structure of medicinal materials slices was loose, the density was greatly reduced, and the appearance was different from those recorded in traditional books. The contents of total saponin components and dencichine were increased by 16.51% and 22.54%, respectively, compared with traditional whole-root drying. The fresh-cut process method is feasible in the production of P. notoginseng slices. In production, it is recommended that drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut can make the medicinal materials better in appearance and content of internal components, which is convenient for the subsequent processing and industrial feeding extraction. For the purpose of internal contents, it is better to adopt freeze-drying after fresh-cut processing method.

Effects of different drying methods on appearance and internal components of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma / 中草药

Objective: The effects of different drying methods (drying-in-the-shade, sun-drying, freeze-drying and hot air drying) on the appearance traits, internal structure and quality of the main roots of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma (NRR) were revealed, which provided a theoretical basis for screening the drying methods suitable for the primary processing of NRR. Methods: In this study, the effect of four different drying methods on drying rate, rehydration rate, appearance traits, alcohol extracts and internal components (dencichine, saponin component notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1, Rd, Re, and reducing sugar, total sugar) of NRR were compared. Results: Fresh NRR was dried by drying-in-the-shade method, and the drying rate was slow, which took about 473 h. However, the appearance quality of the medicinal materials was excellent with firm texture, slow rehydration rate, and high content of total saponins and dencichine. The drying rate of materials under sun drying method was also slow, and due to the long drying cycle, the starch and sugar of the medicinal materials were more decomposed, resulting in the whitening part of the medicinal materials of NRR. When fresh NRR was dried by hot air, the drying rate was faster and the time was shortened. When the temperature was 40 ℃, the appearance of the medicine was not much different from that of the drying-in-the-shade method. After drying, the material was firmer, except for the content of dencichine, the content of saponin had no difference between that of drying-in-the-shade; Due to the high drying temperature at 50 ℃ and 60 ℃, the excessive dehydration rate led to the hollowness of the NRR, and medicinal material was not solid; The rehydration rate was fast, and the content of NRR spilled out, resulting in sugar coking, and the color of the cross section of the medicinal material changed into deeper with the increase of the drying temperature, which resulted in the decomposition of starch, and the significant increase of total sugar and reducing sugar content. The lyophilized medicinal material had a very fast rehydration rate, and the internal texture was loose and porous, and the texture became light, but the saponin component and dencichine were the highest active ingredients. Conclusion: Considering the aspects of appearance, medicinal ingredients and cost, fresh NRR dried by drying-in-the-shade method obtained solid material, compacted internal structure, good appearance and high content of medicinal ingredients. The primary processing method of NRR should be drying-in-the-shade. If the processing volume of the medicinal material is large, it needs to shorten the drying time, and the primary processing method of NRR should be hot air drying process at about 40 ℃. If the high-content medicinal ingredients are the purpose, it is recommended to use freeze-drying.

Influences of Cleaning before Drying and Cleaning after Drying on Quality of Panax notoginseng(Burk.) F.H. Chen / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the influences of different cleaning methods on the quality of P.notoginseng and provide the basis for standard original processing methods of P.notoginseng. METHODS: The P.notoginseng roots were processed with different methods including drying without washing, drying and polishing, fresh cleaning before drying, and cleaning after drying. The influences of different cleaning methods on the drying time, drying rate, density, appearance properties and active components of P.notoginseng roots were compared. RESULTS: The appearance quality and hygiene indicators of P.notoginseng roots were bad when the fresh roots were dried without washing. When the roots were polished after drying without washing, the skin of P.notoginseng roots was worn down. It also resulted in a great loss of drying rate and content of dencichine of P.notoginseng roots, with decreasing rates of 10.0% and 18.1%, respectively. Cleaning after drying of P.notoginseng roots resulted in wear and tear off of epidermis and decrease of the total ash, alcohol extraction components, saponin of Re, dencichine and soluble sugars. The decreasing rates were 9.9%-17.7%, 8.3%-15.9%, 63.9%-70.8%, 12.5%-36.1%, and 27.3%-37.4%, respectively. And the longer the roots being cleaned after drying, the more the components lost. Cleaning before drying of P.notoginseng roots shortened the drying time, raised the hygiene and appearance traits, and reduced the loss of active ingredients. CONCLUSION: That the roots of P.notoginseng be processed after flushing may be a more suitable method than the traditional processing method. In order to decrease the loss of active components, ensure the appearance properties, and keep the safety of clinical medication, cleaning before drying should be promoted vigorously.

Percutaneous permeation characteristic research of dencichine / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate the percutaneous absorption properties of dencichine. Methods: Shaking flask method was used to determine the apparent solubility and oil-water partition coefficient of dencichine. The Franz diffusion cell method was adopted and skin of mice and pig was used as the model skin. The content of dencichine and optimized penetration enhancer were determined using HPLC. Results: Dencichine is water soluble with a low lg P value. Dencichine showed a better penetrability in mice skin than in pig skin. The permeation profiles of dencichine can be fitted well by Higuchi model. The significant percutaneous absorption for dencichine is 5% NMP. Conclusion: Dencichine shows the certain perctaneous absorption ability. And the skin permeation profiles are related with the diffusion rate of the drug in skin. The permeability rate could be promoted by 5% NMP.

Correlation analysis between hemostatic activity and commercial grades of Panax notoginseng / 中草药

Objective: To explore the correlation between the hemostatic activity and commercial grades of Panax notoginseng. Methods: After treatment with different commercial grades of P. notoginseng, the mice blooding time (BT) and clotting time (CT) were measured. At the same time the prothrombin time (PT), activation part thrombin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and platelet count (PLT) were also detected by fully automated blood cell analyzer. The contents of dencichine were determined by HPLC. Results: Mice BT, CT, PT, and APTT were decreased and PLT was increased significantly in all the commercial grades of P. notoginseng. Among all the commercial grades, the countless Tou Sanqi Powder has the best hemostatic activity. There is no correlation between the commercial grades and homostatic activity. Different contents of the extracted dencichine were observed among different commercial grades of P. notoginseng. The highest content of dencichine was 0.98% in countless Tou Sanqi and the lowest was 0.52% in 80 Tou Sanqi. There is no statistical correlation between the dencichine and hemostatic activity or dencichine and commercial grades of P. notoginseng. Conclusion: There is no statistical correlation between the commercial grades of P. notoginseng and haemostatic activity or dencichine contents. The dencichine in countless Tou Sanqi which is the cheapest of all displays the better hemostaic activity than those in 13 or 20 Tou Sanqi whose cost is almost as ten times as countless Tou Sanqi's.

Study on Percolation Extraction Process of Panax Notoginseng / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To optimize the conditions for the percolation extraction process of Panax notoginseng(Burk.) F.H.Chen.Methods Conditions for the percolation were studied by orthogonal experimental design as guided by the contents of total notoginseng saponin and total amino acids.Results The percolate rate,concentration and quantity of alcohol had significant effects on the process.Conclusion The optimum condition for the extraction of Panax notoginseng was adding 12 times amount of 50% alcohol and percolating at a rate of 1～3 mL/(min?kg).